I te hoko o ngā mīhini oma i ngā rohe, ko te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te tiwhikete ngā mea matua hei whakatau mēnā ka taea e te hua te uru atu ki te mākete ūnga me te whakarite i te haumaru o te whakamahinga. He mārama ngā ture a ngā whenua me ngā rohe rerekē mō ngā paerewa haumaru, te hototahi hikohiko, ngā whakaritenga tiaki taiao, me ētahi atu mō ngā taputapu whakapakari tinana. Mā te kore e aro ki ngā taipitopito tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, ka kore pea e arahi noa ki te pupuri, ki te whakahoki rānei i ngā hua, engari ka puta hoki ngā raruraru ture me te whakawhirinaki ki te waitohu. Nō reira, ko te māramatanga whānui me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga tutuki me te tiwhikete o te mākete ūnga he hononga matua nui i roto i te tukanga hoko.
Ko te uara matua o te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te tiwhikete kei roto i te whakatū i tētahi "pānga" mō ngā hua ki te uru atu ki te mākete, me te tiaki anō hoki i ngā mana haumaru me ngā painga o ngā kaiwhakamahi. Hei taputapu whakapakari tinana hiko, he maha ngā āhuatanga mōrearea o ngā mīhini oma, pērā i te haumaru hiko, te haumaru hanganga mīhini, me te pokanoa hikohiko. Ko ngā paerewa tiwhikete e tika ana he ture whakahau, he ture tūao rānei kua whakaritea mō ēnei āhuatanga. Mā te whiwhinga i te tiwhikete e tika ana ka taea e te hua te tutuki i ngā ture urunga mākete ā-rohe, me te whiwhi i te mana o ngā kaihoko me ngā hoa hongere.
Ngā whakaritenga tiwhikete matua mō ngā mākete nui o te ao
1. Mākete o Amerika Te Raki: Arotahi ki te haumaru hiko me te tiaki whakamahinga
Ko ngā tiwhikete matua i Amerika Te Raki ko te tiwhikete UL/CSA me te tiwhikete FCC. Ko te tiwhikete UL/CSA e aro ana ki te pūnaha hiko ongā mīhini oma, e kapi ana i te mahi haumaru o ngā wāhanga pēnei i ngā motuka, ngā ara iahiko, me ngā pana, kia kore ai ngā taputapu e puta he mōrearea pēnei i te ru hiko me te ahi i te wā e whakamahia ana, i roto hoki i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Ko te tiwhikete FCC e arotahi ana ki te hototahi hikohiko, me te kī kia kaua te hihi hikohiko e whakaputaina ana e te mīhini oma i te wā e whakahaerehia ana e pokanoa ki ētahi atu taputapu hiko, ā, i te wā kotahi ka taea te ātete i te pokanoa hikohiko o waho kia mau ai te pumau o te mahi. Hei tāpiri, me tutuki te hua ki ngā paerewa ASTM e tika ana, e whakaatu mārama ana i ngā tohu haumaru miihini pēnei i te mahi ārai-paheke o te whitiki oma, te mahi aukati ohorere, me te rohe kawenga o te mīhini oma.
2. Mākete Pākehā: Kapi whānui mō te haumaru me te tiaki taiao
Ko te tiwhikete CE te paepae matua mō te mākete Pākehā, ā, me tutuki i ngā mīhini oma ngā whakaritenga maha. I roto i ēnei, ko te Low Voltage Directive (LVD) e whakahaere ana i te whānuitanga haumaru ngaohiko o ngā taputapu hiko, ko te Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (EMC) e whakahaere ana i ngā āheinga whakararuraru hikohiko me te ārai-whakararuraru, ā, ko te Mechanical Directive (MD) e whakarato ana i ngā ture taipitopito mō te hanganga mīhini o ngā taputapu, te tiaki i ngā wāhanga neke, ngā pūnaha aukati ohorere, me ētahi atu. Hei tāpiri, me whai hua ngā hua i te ture REACH, e whakawhāiti ana i te whakamahinga o ngā matū kino i roto i ngā rauemi, ā, i te wa ano, me tutuki i a rātou ngā whakaritenga whakahaere o te RoHS Directive mō ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā aukati mura me ētahi atu matū i roto i ngā taputapu hiko me te hiko.
3. Āhia me ētahi atu rohe: Kia rite ki ngā paerewa āhuatanga ā-rohe
I roto i ngā mākete nui o Āhia, me whiwhi a Hapani i te tiwhikete PSE mō ngā mīhini oma, me te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau pakari mō te haumaru hiko me te mahi whakamahana. I Kōrea ki te Tonga, me tutuki ngā whakaritenga haumaru hiko me te hototahi hikohiko o te tiwhikete KC. Ko ētahi whenua o Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, te Middle East me ētahi atu rohe ka titiro ki ngā paerewa o te International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) ka tango tika rānei i ngā tiwhikete matua mai i Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika hei pūtake mō te urunga ki te mākete. I te wā e hoko ana, me whakakotahi te mākete ūnga motuhake me te whakaū mēnā he ture ā-rohe tāpiri kei roto i te rohe hei karo i ngā mōrearea tutuki i puta mai i ngā hapa paerewa.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua mō te Whakatutuki i ngā Ture Hokohoko Whakawhiti-Rohe
1. Me kapi te tiwhikete i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te hua
Ehara te tiwhikete tutuki i te tirotiro kotahi-ahu; me kapi i ngā āhuatanga maha pērā i te hiko, te miihini, te rauemi, me te hikohiko. Hei tauira, ko te whiwhi noa i te tiwhikete haumaru hiko me te kore e aro ki ngā tohu pērā i te kukū o te whitiki oma me te pumau o ngā ringaringa i roto i te hanganga miihini, tera pea kāore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te mākete. I te wā e hoko ana, me whakaū mēnā ka kapi katoa te tiwhikete hua i ngā paerewa whakahau katoa o te mākete ūnga.
2. Kia aro ki te mana me te whakahou i te tiwhikete
He rā paunga tō te tiwhikete tiwhikete, ā, ka whakahoutia, ka whakapai ake i ngā paerewa e tika ana i ia wā. I te hokonga, me manatoko mēnā kei roto te tiwhikete i tōna wā whai mana, me te whakaū mēnā e tutuki ana te hua i ngā whakaritenga o te putanga hou o te paerewa. I ētahi rohe, ka whakahaerehia ngā arotake ā-tau, ngā whakahoutanga paerewa rānei ki ngā tiwhikete. Mā te kore e whakahōu i ngā whakahoutanga ka kore pea e whai mana ngā tiwhikete taketake.
3. Ka tohua ngā tapanga tutuki i runga i te tikanga paerewa
I muri i te whiwhinga i te tiwhikete, me tohu te hua ki te tohu tiwhikete, te tauira, ngā mōhiohio whakaputa me ētahi atu ihirangi e hiahiatia ana. Me tino whai te tūranga, te rahi me te whakatakotoranga o te tohu i ngā paerewa ā-rohe. Hei tauira, me mārama te tānga o te tohu CE ki te tinana hua, ki te takai o waho rānei, ā, kaua e āraia; ki te kore, ka kiia he kore e tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
Te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga me te whakamanatanga mō te hoko whakawhiti-rohe ongā mīhini omaKo te tikanga, ka whakaratohia he taurangi takirua mō te kounga o te hua me te mahi haumaru, ā, ka waiho hoki hei tūāpapa mō te whānui haere ki te mākete o te ao. Mā te māramatanga hōhonu ki ngā whakaritenga tiwhikete o te mākete ūnga me te whiriwhiri i ngā hua e tutuki ana i ngā paerewa tutuki whānui, ehara i te mea ka taea anake te karo i ngā mōrearea pēnei i te aukati i te tukunga me ngā whakahokinga me ngā kereme, engari ka kohia hoki te whakataetae mākete mō te wā roa mā te rongonui mō ngā hua haumaru me te pono.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 19-2025